All about ebola disease

Ebola virus disease
Fact sheet N°103
Updated September 2014
Key facts
Ebola virus disease (EVD), formerly known as Ebola haemorrhagic fever, is a severe,
often fatal illness in humans.
The virus is transmitted to people from wild animals and spreads in the human
population through human-to-human transmission.
The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Case fatality rates have varied
from 25% to 90% in past outbreaks.
The first EVD outbreaks occurred in remote villages in Central Africa, near tropical
rainforests, but the most recent outbreak in west Africa has involved major urban as
well as rural areas.
Community engagement is key to successfully controlling outbreaks. Good outbreak
control relies on applying a package of interventions, namely case management,
surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials and social
mobilisation.
Early supportive care with rehydration, symptomatic treatment improves survival.
There is as yet no licensed treatment proven to neutralise the virus but a range of
blood, immunological and drug therapies are under development.
There are currently no licensed Ebola vaccines but 2 potential candidates are
undergoing evaluation.
Background
The Ebola virus causes an acute, serious illness which is often fatal if untreated. Ebola
virus disease (EVD) first appeared in 1976 in 2 simultaneous outbreaks, one in Nzara,
Sudan, and the other in Yambuku, Democratic Republic of Congo. The latter occurred in
a village near the Ebola River, from which the disease takes its name.
The current outbreak in west Africa, (first cases notified in March 2014), is the largest
and most complex Ebola outbreak since the Ebola virus was first discovered in 1976.
There have been more cases and deaths in this outbreak than all others combined. It
has also spread between countries starting in Guinea then spreading across land
borders to Sierra Leone and Liberia, by air (1 traveller only) to Nigeria, and by land (1
traveller) to Senegal.
The most severely affected countries, Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia have very weak
health systems, lacking human and infrastructural resources, having only recently
emerged from long periods of conflict and instability. On August 8, the WHO Director-
General declared this outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern.
A separate, unrelated Ebola outbreak began in Boende, Equateur, an isolated part of the
Democratic Republic of Congo.
The virus family Filoviridae includes 3 genera: Cuevavirus, Marburgvirus, and Ebolavirus.
There are 5 species that have been identified: Zaire, Bundibugyo, Sudan, Reston and Taï
Forest. The first 3, Bundibugyo ebolavirus, Zaire ebolavirus, and Sudan ebolavirus have
been associated with large outbreaks in Africa. The virus causing the 2014 west African
outbreak belongs to the Zaire species.
Transmission
It is thought that fruit bats of the Pteropodidae family are natural Ebola virus hosts.
Ebola is introduced into the human population through close contact with the blood,
secretions, organs or other bodily fluids of infected animals such as chimpanzees,
gorillas, fruit bats, monkeys, forest antelope and porcupines found ill or dead or in the
rainforest.
Ebola then spreads through human-to-human transmission via direct contact (through
broken skin or mucous membranes) with the blood, secretions, organs or other bodily
fluids of infected people, and with surfaces and materials (e.g. bedding, clothing)
contaminated with these fluids.
Health-care workers have frequently been infected while treating patients with
suspected or confirmed EVD. This has occurred through close contact with patients
when infection control precautions are not strictly practiced.
Burial ceremonies in which mourners have direct contact with the body of the deceased
person can also play a role in the transmission of Ebola.
People remain infectious as long as their blood and body fluids, including semen and
breast milk, contain the virus. Men who have recovered from the disease can still
transmit the virus through their semen for up to 7 weeks after recovery from illness.
Symptoms of Ebola virus disease
The incubation period, that is, the time interval from infection with the virus to onset of
symptoms is 2 to 21 days. Humans are not infectious until they develop symptoms.
First symptoms are the sudden onset of fever fatigue, muscle pain, headache and sore
throat. This is followed by vomiting, diarrhoea, rash, symptoms of impaired kidney and
liver function, and in some cases, both internal and external bleeding (e.g. oozing from
the gums, blood in the stools). Laboratory findings include low white blood cell and
platelet counts and elevated liver enzymes.
Diagnosis
It can be difficult to distinguish EVD from other infectious diseases such as malaria,
typhoid fever and meningitis. Confirmation that symptoms are caused by Ebola virus
infection are made using the following investigations:
antibody-capture enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)
antigen-capture detection tests
serum neutralization test
reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay
electron microscopy
virus isolation by cell culture.
Samples from patients are an extreme biohazard risk; laboratory testing on non-
inactivated samples should be conducted under maximum biological containment
conditions.
Treatment and vaccines
Supportive care-rehydration with oral or intravenous fluids- and treatment of specific
symptoms, improves survival. There is as yet no proven treatment available for EVD.
However, a range of potential treatments including blood products, immune therapies
and drug therapies are currently being evaluated. No licensed vaccines are available yet,
but 2 potential vaccines are undergoing human safety testing.
Prevention and control
Good outbreak control relies on applying a package of interventions, namely case
management, surveillance and contact tracing, a good laboratory service, safe burials
and social mobilisation. Community engagement is key to successfully controlling
outbreaks. Raising awareness of risk factors for Ebola infection and protective measures
that individuals can take is an effective way to reduce human transmission. Risk
reduction messaging should focus on several factors:
Reducing the risk of wildlife-to-human transmission from contact with infected fruit
bats or monkeys/apes and the consumption of their raw meat. Animals should be
handled with gloves and other appropriate protective clothing. Animal products
(blood and meat) should be thoroughly cooked before consumption.
Reducing the risk of human-to-human transmission from direct or close contact with
people with Ebola symptoms, particularly with their bodily fluids. Gloves and
appropriate personal protective equipment should be worn when taking care of ill
patients at home. Regular hand washing is required after visiting patients in hospital,
as well as after taking care of patients at home.
Outbreak containment measures including prompt and safe burial of the dead,
identifying people who may have been in contact with someone infected with Ebola,
monitoring the health of contacts for 21 days, the importance of separating the
healthy from the sick to prevent further spread, the importance of good hygiene and
maintaining a clean environment.
Controlling infection in health-care settings:
Health-care workers should always take standard precautions when caring for patients,
regardless of their presumed diagnosis. These include basic hand hygiene, respiratory
hygiene, use of personal protective equipment (to block splashes or other contact with
infected materials), safe injection practices and safe burial practices.
Health-care workers caring for patients with suspected or confirmed Ebola virus should
apply extra infection control measures to prevent contact with the patient’s blood and
body fluids and contaminated surfaces or materials such as clothing and bedding.
When in close contact (within 1 metre) of patients with EBV, health-care workers should
wear face protection (a face shield or a medical mask and goggles), a clean, non-sterile
long-sleeved gown, and gloves (sterile gloves for some procedures).
Laboratory workers are also at risk. Samples taken from humans and animals for
investigation of Ebola infection should be handled by trained staff and processed in
suitably equipped laboratories.
WHO response
WHO aims to prevent Ebola outbreaks by maintaining surveillance for Ebola virus
disease and supporting at-risk countries to developed preparedness plans. The
document provides overall guidance for control of Ebola and Marburg virus outbreaks: